Essay on Exploring Body Image Issues via the Barbie Doll

Picture yourself as the ‘perfect’ woman. Embodying every woman’s dream. You are undeniably gorgeous, weighing in at 100 pounds, standing 6 feet tall and holding nearly 150 careers (barbiemedia.com). Yes, this is the beloved, ever so ‘inspirational’ childhood toy, the perfectly perfect Barbie Doll. Barbie is America’s most beloved toy, considering young girls between the ages of three and eleven own at least 10 Barbie’s throughout their childhood (‘Life in Plastic’). As creator of the Barbie Doll once said, â€Å"My whole philosophy of Barbie was that through the doll, the little girl could be anything she wanted to be. Barbie always represented that a woman has choices,† (Handler). However, Barbie has proved to serve the opposite effect and†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, it also is highly unattainable and instills unrealistic goals in girls’ minds. According to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, there are up to 24 million people suffering from eating disorders and 86% of those are under the age of 20 (anad.org). That being said, negative adverse effects are often the results of our world placing the upmost importance on body image. At Radboud University, Doeschka Anschutz and Rutger Engels conducted an experiment designed to test the effects of playing with thin dolls on body image and food intake in 6-10 year old girls. After splitting the girls into three different groups where they either played with a thin doll, an average sized doll or a slightly oversized doll, as seen in figure one, the results yielded that indeed there were significant differences between the girls’ body image and food intake which was completely dependent on which doll they played with (Anschutz, Engels 625). For example, a girl that played with the thinnest doll, the Barbie Doll, consumed the least amount of food following playtime when girls that played w ith either the average sized doll or even slightly larger doll consumed significantly more food. This experiment explicitly highlights the unknown dangers associated with playing with Barbie Dolls at a young age. Immediately the doll caused young girls to see themselves as ‘too big’ orShow MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesthe publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( 44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress CataloguingRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCross Reference of Projec t Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 Resource

A Career as a Computer Programmer Essay - 1093 Words

Becoming a computer programmer would be great because there are many options in this career by having the ability to produce an operating system, or a game for the world. Computer programmers have many opportunities in life to find a job they would love. Programmers can work independently, or in a big company. Programmers have and are creating the future for computers. Computer programmers have a wide range on what they can do. Computer programmers write the detailed list of instructions the computer will follow in the software (Great Sample Resume). This is also called â€Å"coding.† Programmers test their software, or other peoples, to see if it works properly (Career Cruising). Programmers study the tasks that the program will†¦show more content†¦The programmer will either have to go to the business or the home in some sort of transportation, or by using his own computer. If the programmer is working on certain software for his clients, then he may have built it in a way to assist them from his computer. All jobs need some sort of qualifications to work at that specific job. As a programmer, the person may not go very far if they only have a high school degree. Most employers require programmers to have at least a bachelor’s degree (Education Portal). Some higher-ranking jobs may even require a master’s degree (Education Portal). Some qualifications may be as simple as having a certain amount of experience (Education Portal). With an advanced degree and certain knowledge, a programmer could become a software engineer (Education Portal). Certain employers and jobs may want the programmer to have great technical skills, and programming needs in the businesses (Education Portal). Other than going to school and getting a degree, employers may want more experience and more skills then the programmer may have. During college the programmer most likely spent an abundant amount of time programming for class and maybe some of their own projects. The programmer may get an internship and be supervised so they will eventually get the experience they need (Education Portal). Later down the road in life they my need more experience to get a higher up job. Experience and maybe moreShow MoreRelatedCareer Resume : Computer Programmer4000 Words   |  16 PagesCypress High School College and Career Research Report Cal Poly Pomona, Computer Programmer Troy Trinkle English 4 Mr. Markle November 19, 2014 Career – Computer Programmer Overview of Career The computer programmer occupation is a relatively new career and in continuously high demand due to the rapid growth of technology, and while you may think of computers as these magical machines that can do almost anything, they were not always like that. Back in the early 1800s, there wasRead MoreThe Life and Work of a Computer Programmer Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of a computer programmer is to design and develop applications to perform the needs of a consumer. This occupation is essential to modern day life due to all of the computers that are in use today. Computer programming is a fulfilling career goal because of the ability to be on the cutting edge of technology, design software for computers, and have a wide range of benefits. Computer programming consists of many duties. Duties of a computer programmer include but are not limited to:Read MoreWhy I Want to Become a Computer Programmer Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Origins: When computers started coming out, computer companies need people to program operating systems and programs for them. Seeing that you sat at a desk all day, it was seen as a easy career choice, but with little pay. So computer programming as a career, was dominated by women in the 60s. Soon though, men dominated the field through discrimination and needs for a job. The Job field was getting paid more so companies wanted to hire â€Å"higher quality† employees, and that meant menRead MoreThe Exciting yet Stressful Career of Computer Programming1667 Words   |  7 Pagesmeaning the people who program computers have significant jobs. Although it is essential that computers are built from scratch, people are needed to transform these computers from complex machines that users need a college diploma to the user-friendly interfaces we see today. In order to become and remain a computer programmer, a student could go to college and obtain a degree or self-teach himself. Computer programming is a difficult yet rewarding career. Programmers use different programming languagesRead MoreInformation On My Future Career1151 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen using CFNC.org to gather more information on my future career. CFNC.org has provided me with more knowledge about my future than I could have gotten using Google. One goal of mine while writing this paper is to show how interested I am about my future. Another goal I do have is to teach the reader more information about a specific career path. Every individual has their own career plan, and possibly could be interested in the same career as me. In the CFNC.org website, there are multiple surveysRead MoreComputer Programs And Software Applications1098 Words   |  5 Pages1) Programmer 2) A programmer’s job is mostly project based. They create applications, using their knowledge of code, and remove all the bugs before setting it forward to the company. A programmer works closely with analysts and management to understand about a problem in the code, and create/edit the expected outcome towards a company. Some duties include: Correcting errors by making appropriate changes and then rechecking the program to ensure that the desired results are produced. ConductingRead MoreThe Computer Of Computer Technology901 Words   |  4 Pagesexponential. The introduction of the personal computer (PC) was the true catalyst for the growth in popularity of computer technology. With this introduction also came the growth in popularity of being a computer scientist. The code used to write the software for these personal computers was brand new and easy to use. What made it easy to use was the fact that the computer code for the PC was very similar to the English language; wh ereas, previous computers used punch cards as a way to program them.Read MoreOverview of Computer Programming Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Programming is a big industry. Without it, computers, video games, the internet, and even cell phones would not exist. Jobs are not scarce for computer programming today. Almost everything we use has to do with technology, and computer programmers are needed in order to make the projects happen. Computer programming is one of the more challenging jobs out in the world. Someone who quits easily when things get hard, or when something is not working the way that they want it to, will not succeedRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Computer Software Engineering827 Words   |  4 Pagesyear 2008 there were 426,000 computer programmers employed. Computer programmers write the program the computer uses to function. The computer programmer follows the specifications given to them by the computer software engineer. Specialized knowledge and ex perience with a language or operating system could lead to a computer programmer becoming a computer software engineer. Programming skills and programming experience is highly valued in this field. Computer programmers must constantly update theirRead MoreEmployment in the Information, Communication and Technology Sector1200 Words   |  5 Pagesthis report will discuss employment and career opportunities in this area. Methodology This report will be carried out using a secondary research method, by performing a literature review. The Information, Communication and Technology Sector and its Range of Occupations ICT refers to the input, storage, transfer, access, manipulation, analysis and transmission of data and the manufacturing of technology to facilitate data. It is also an umbrella term for computer hardware and software, mobile devices

Boston Beer free essay sample

Knowing that it would cost close to $10 million to actually open a brewery, Koch contracted out his brewing to an existing company, The Pittsburg Brewing Company, and named the beer Samuel Adams after the revolutionary icon who was also a brewer. The first step had been made; Koch only needed to find bars and retailers willing to carry the high priced beer. Starting small Koch went from bar to bar to sell the beer and was able to find some to carry Samuel Adams. Slowly he began to expand first to Washington DC then to New York and so on. He distributed through his own trucks, grew his flavors and his business from less than a dozen sales reps in 1989 to over 70 nationwide in 1994. Taking his beer on the road Koch won multiple gold medals in blind taste tests, outperformed the pricy imports, and created a niche market owned by the micro-breweries. Problem: Koch and Samuel Adams faced many problems along the way, three of which were Start up, expansion and distribution, and stock price problems. For the start up it was obvious that Koch was determined and had the entrepreneurial spirit to get the company off the ground, it just needed a serious financial backing. Once the company was able to get the backing they needed and overcome the obstacles of brewing and placement they had to figure out distributing so that they could expand their business. Finally once the distribution and expansion took hold and the company grew, Samuel Adams went public. Though the stock prices were promising in the beginning, they fell a little lack luster just after the announcement. Analysis: Entrepreneurship is expensive especially when breaking into a market with already high barriers to entry. Not only do you need the high capital to start up but you need the facility, the recipe, the suppliers, the network, placement of the product and more. Getting all of these things in place is nearly impossible that is why the majority of new businesses fail within the first year. Be that as it may, Koch found a way around the obstacle of a facility by contracting out his brewing. His recipe was from his great-great-grandfather and he got the capital from his own savings and family investments. The biggest thing he had to side step on the way to big business is to gain a wholesaler who would wasn’t already under a contract to a brewer and would be willing to carry and distribute the product. Not only were there very few wholesalers left, but the fact that bars and retailers might not even carry the over-priced beer turned off the few distributers left. Koch made a calculated decision and decided to take his beer from bar to bar and convince the retailers to carry it. From this point Koch decided to expand his business into other territories but the main problem remained how he would distribute his brew. Koch bought a truck and delivered the beer himself. His company ran its own distributing in order to expand to other markets. This expansion took on a whole new life for the company allowing for incredible growth for the company and for the brand. The expansion of the business was not only geographically but in product offering as well. With multiple flavors and distinct varieties Samuel Adams attracted the beer connoisseur and the daring alike. With this growth in the company Koch decided it was time to go public, though the way shares were offered were much like the beer brand, out of the ordinary. The stock coupons were placed inside of Samuel Adams 6-packs offering the holder to purchase 33 shares of stock at a max price of $15 for a total of $495 at a first come first serve basis. After the opening bell stock prices rose to upwards of $30 and the future looked promising for SAM on the exchange. Unfortunatley that was short lived as stock prices fell and held at $8-$10 a share in 2001. The stock price drop scared Koch into believing that he may need to cut back on his beer offering and hone in on the best sellers. Though the continued success of the beer brand and the volatility of the market bringing SAM up to a peak at $55. 30 in 2007 the idea was scrapped. Recommendations: Generally with entrepreneurial activities I would say go big or go broke. You really need to commit to the project and Koch did that. The best thing that he could have done was to do what he did. He stuck to his guns and kept the recipe, ousted the imports for sub-par ingredients, contracted out his brewing, bought his own trucks, went bar to bar to sell the product, and created flavors and combinations worthy of a gold medal. My only recommendation as an entrepreneur is that when a company expands it should do so with kid gloves because overexpansion too quickly can dry out the desire for the product and leave you stretched thin. Distribution and logistics of expansion are always a problem for new companies. Larger corporate run companies tend to buy up the manufacturers, wholesalers, and distributers so that not only will they have their product where they want it but they also won’t be competing with other companies for the business. Koch decided to stick it to the man and buy his own trucks to deliver his beer. As well and good as this all sounds I think it would have been a lot easier and more efficient to bid and get a contract with a distributer that was willing to take a chance. Granted his gamble paid off and his company image is booming with the â€Å"Revolutionary Pride† but the gamble was huge. My recommendation for distribution here would be to have searched for a company willing to do it and to build up from what small start they had. Stock prices are volatile, they change every second and no price is ever safe or stagnant. Because of this SAM was in a tough spot to begin with, added to the fact that the company wasn’t as well known as some of the others on the ticker they needed to do something to drive up demand. Koch found it with the coupons in the 6-packs. Not only did it drive sales for the beer but it brought a game into the stock market that hadn’t been tried before. As great as the idea was and yes the stock price jumped but it also fell and fell hard. My recommendation for the ISO would have been to continually drive demand with the coupons and find a way to make it an ongoing event. When stock prices came back up Koch decided to not drop his lesser beers and instead ride out the market and find a true way to market his beer to drive demand of the beer and his stock offering. I believe that this was a good plan in the long run seeing as the beer is incredibly popular today and still going strong with multiple flavors.

Was the USA justified in dropping the atomic bomb Essay Example For Students

Was the USA justified in dropping the atomic bomb Essay s on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? By Tyler Formica Whether or not the Allies needed to drop the two atomic bombs on Japan has been argued about since 1945. Some people agree with the dropping, and some people disagree with the dropping. But the facts that were taken out of the two droppings were unbelievable, and no one had ever seen anything like this so no one anticipated such destruction, but the Americans definitely new what they were going to cause. We will write a custom essay on Was the USA justified in dropping the atomic bomb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When they dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima it was not at first realized the carnage and loss of lives it had caused. The first Atomic bomb was dropped on the 6th of August 1945, the one bomb it self cost the United States 2 billion dollars and approximately 130,000 Japanese were killed as a result of first bomb. The second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, and it was an even bigger, though it only killed approximately 70,000 people. So all up over 200,000 Japanese were killed just from two bombs, but were the United States justified in the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Many reasons were stated from the United States for the dropping of the bomb, though I believe that they did not justify the loss of life caused. Some reasons were that the Allied leaders thought that an invasion of the Japanese mainland would be needed to ensure Japans unconditional surrender. They thought that such an invasion might result in as many as a million Allied casualties, and if an invasion was made, the Japanese were certain to kill thousands of Allied prisoners of war. Also Japan was already defeated and trying to negotiate peace and the intervention of Russia in the war might, alone, have caused the Japanese to surrender. Another Reason was that a demonstration to reveal the power of the bomb could have been tried on an uninhabited Japanese island. Though Allied leaders thought that this would not have impressed the Japanese enough to bring about a total unconditional surrender, which is exactly what the Americans wanted. They also argued that the Japanese would move prisoners of war into target cities if they knew that such attacks were possible. One more reason was that the atomic bombs were weapons, and allied commanders wanted to test the effects of such weapons on a proper target. The use of the bombs could also act as a warning to Russia, who was seen as a potential enemy of America and Western Europe after the war was over. Out of these reasons from the Americans, I believe that there is one that definitely stands out, and that is the one that they wanted to save all their troops, for total utter destruction of other cities. These decisions killed thousands and thousands of harmless women and children. I also believe that one of the main reasons for the dropping of the bombs was revenge, which was built up from when this battle started, and that was the surprise attack on pearl harbour. So much hatred had resulted from the war and the dropping of the two bombs was just finishing off the revenge that they promised to American citizens. On the other hand, I do believe that the two bombs were over exaggerated a little bit because when you look back at some single battles of World War 2, the same amount of people were killed. An example of this was on March 10th 1945 when the Allies air raided Tokyo with B-29s. In one night 89,000 people were killed and 1,000,000 people were made homeless. A second example was the battle of Okinawa, this was the bloodiest battle of World War 2 and approximately 106,000 people were killed, most of them were Japanese. .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c , .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c .postImageUrl , .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c , .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c:hover , .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c:visited , .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c:active { border:0!important; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c:active , .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc61f2864408aee740ea30bb755aa869c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chinese Prostitution EssayAlternatives for dropping the bombs were never really looked at. Although one alternative be that Japan be issued a warning about the weapon and offered surrender terms that allowed the taking in of the Emperor. This so called alternative was not so much to stop the droppings of the bombs, but more as something to keep conversation off the point of invasion of Japan. Americans new that if they did invade Japan, it would be an extremely on going task because the Japanese were known for all fighting till their death, and if there emperor was under fire at all, that would infuriate the Japanese even more as it was a huge sign of disrespect. The Japanese by now were at their weakest point .

Relationship of drugs to music essays

Relationship of drugs to music essays Relationship of Drugs And music Musicians use their music to express thoughts and feelings they have. These thoughts and feelings they have are reached by their fans and most fans usually listen to what they have to say. A common thing that many artist do is to promote the use of drugs. A lot of times artist will share with the fans about a weird trip they went through or about how they love a certain type of drug. A lot of times artists will use a type of wording that can be interperted into many meanings. One Song that comes to mind that does this is The song Tambourine Man by Bob Dylan. Dylan uses this certain lingo that people have found to be translated into a totally different meaning about getting Drugs from a dealer. Another popular song that people think has a different meaning is the song Hey Jude by the Beatles. People believe that it is about putting a needle into your arm and injecting some type of hallucinogenic drug. The song Tripping Billies by The Dave Matthews band Is about An amusing Acid trip that Dave went through. In it he says We were above, You were standing underneath us, We were not yet lovers, Dragons were smoked, Bumblebees were stinging us, I was soon to be crazy.- Dave Matthews Band. Another artist that clearly used the promotion of drugs was Eric Clapton in his song Cocaine. In it he states about all the good things that cocaine has to offer. If you wanna hang out, you've gotta take her out: Cocaine. If you wanna get down, down on the ground: Cocaine. She dont lie, she dont lie, she dont lie, Cocaine. If you got bad news, you wanna kick them blues: Cocaine. When your day is done, and you wanna run; Cocaine. She dont lie, She dont lie, She dont lie: Cocaine. If your day is gone, and you wanna ride on: Cocaine. Don't forget this fact, you can't get it back: Cocaine. She don...

Something to Remember You By

Something to Remember You A lock of hair might be fitting (albeit obsolete, overly sentimental, and just plain weird.) A wallet photo maybe? Awkward. So what could you possibly give an editor or agent at a conference to help them remember you or your project once they shuffle back into their office the following Monday? I’ll tell you: The author one sheet. I recently attended a writer’s conference in which I was scheduled to pitch my new novel. To better my odds, I researched book pitches, and discovered the one sheet – a single-paged marketing document, aka author one sheet or pitch sheet, which describes a person, project, or concept. Brilliant! When one considers how many book pitches an editor or agent has endured, or how many queries and manuscripts they have likely slogged through in their career, the odds of an author or book standing out – being remembered – are not great. Anything you can get into an agent’s hands to take back with them from a conference will help, other than handing them your complete manuscript, of course. You’d never bring a manuscript to a conference, right? Everything you’ve ever read and heard has stated unequivocally not to. (Admit it – you brought it anyway.) Some one sheets are more elaborate, including word count, genre, endorsements, and agent name and contact info – designed more for promoting already-published works. Or you could opt for one more basic, including only information that one would find on a back cover of a novel. I chose the latter, since I was seeking publication. At the very least, your one sheet should include: Book title Logline/hook – One sentence that describes the concept of your book, and gets their attention. (My entire novel was easier to write.) Blurb – Short 3-4 sentence paragraph that describes your book and defines genre/audience. Who is the protagonist, what do they want, what’s in their way, and most of all, what makes your story unique? Think â€Å"back cover.† Author

Reflection paper in article Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reflection paper in article - Assignment Example In my third year in high school, at the age of 16, I had an experience with marijuana that not only inspired me into leadership but also signaled my transition to emotional, social, and intellectual maturity. I occasionally used the drug to â€Å"escape† my perceived troubles and bond with my peers. After three months, what had been an occasional habit started morphing into an addiction. I started missing classes, became antisocial, and started getting below average grades (I was a leading student before the episode). My parents noticed a change in my behavior and, after consulting with my teachers, decided that I should attend therapy. However, this failed because I was still in contact with the student who supplied the drug and would even purchase and use it after visiting the therapist. Since my parents assumed that I was moving towards sobriety, they entrusted me with errands such as taking my siblings to picnics and picking them from school using the family car. One day, after having smoked some marijuana on my way home from school, my father asked me to take my three younger siblings to the movies. I obliged, assuming that he would not know I was still practicing my old habits. On the way to the theater, I noticed a police car following me and immediately started panicking. I became paranoid and started drove faster, thinking that I would somehow â€Å"lose† the police car. Eventually, another police cut me off, and I was forced to stop. In the midst of the â€Å"chase†, I had forgotten that I had, in the front pocket of my trouser, a sachet of marijuana that I had purchased earlier. The police asked me to step outside the car, and I obliged. After being told to empty my pockets, I followed the instructions only for the sachet to fall out. When I had identified myself, the police informed me that one of the boys who supplied me with marijuana had been arrested

Women In The World War 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women In The World War 2 - Essay Example This essay aims to provide more insight on the significant role of women during WW2. Moreover, it sheds light on Rosie the Riveter, who as it has been documented in the history of the United States, played a significant role in making sure that women took up the designated jobs and discharged their duties with utmost efficiency. Rosie the Riveter as she is commonly known is an American cultural icon who has overtime been used by historians to symbolize the American women, who formed majority of the work force in American factories when the male employees were in the battlefield. The image of Rosie the Riveter provided encouragement to the women, most of whom took up jobs that they were not trained on, and delivered effectively from the beginning to the end of the war (Williamson 88). The influence of Rosie the Riveter was huge to an extent that at the end of the war in 1945, there were well over 12 million females involved either directly or indirectly in the war. Women played an integral role in the course of WW2, just as it was in the wake of the First World War. In as much as most of them opted for familiar territories by deciding to join the civil service, joining the teaching force and serving as healthcare providers, a considerable number of them plied their trade in several factories throughout the United States. The first and ideally the most important task that women took part in was the evacuation process. This event majorly involved majority of the mature women taking part in evacuating younger women as well as young children from areas that were perceived to be open to war, and taking them to much safer places (Brayley 54). After the evacuation process, it was noted that about 3.5 million children and young women had been evacuated to areas that were regarded as safe. In addition to the evacuation, the women who took part in the evacuation process were tasked with the responsibility of teaching the evacuated children. A

An analysis on the sudden decline of Enron in 2001 Essay Example for Free

An analysis on the sudden decline of Enron in 2001 Essay Enron was company that was formed to the Northern Natural Gas Company which traces its existence to the early 1932 in Nebraska. The company was reorganized back in 1979 and formed as the leading subsidiary company of Internorth. In 1985 the company acquired the smaller Houston Natural Gas and in the process it formed its name to Enron. (Haney 2001, p. 28) Originally the company was involved in the transmitting and distributing electricity and gas in the United States. It was also involved in the development and building of power plants and pipelines. The company extended its services to the rule of law and in other infrastructures in the world. The company owned large had a large network of natural gas pipelines stretching from ocean to ocean and from border to border.   Its holding included Northern Natural Gas, Florida Gas Transition, Trans-western Pipeline Company and a strategic alliance with Northern Border Pipeline from Canada. These holding were real cash woes the kept investors coming to the company. It expanded its ventures and investment in every corner of the country.  Ã‚   These investments helped the company to make huge profits. By 1998 the company had entered the water sector and created the Azurix Corporation. The company floated its shares in the New York Stock Exchange but it failed to make a mark in the market.   It did not break in the water utility market  Ã‚   and ended up as a major money-loser. (Andrew 2001, p. 9) In 2001, Enron announced that it continued to grow wealthier. Due to its pioneering spirit in marketing and promotion of power and communication bandwidth commodities and other related derivatives including exotic items like weather derivatives. The company was named as the most innovative company by the Fortune magazine for 6 consecutive years spinning form 1996-2001. In 2000 it was listed among the Fortunes 100 best companies to work for in America.   It was hailed for its labour and  Ã‚   workforce policies including the long-term pensions and other benefits.   It was one of the well managed companies in America. (Krugman 2001, p. 8) But this fame was not to live long.  Ã‚   The effective management policies that had been associated with the company were at the end exposed to be fraud. It turned out to be the worst corporate fraud ever experienced on American soil. This research will look the rise and the sudden fall of Enron which was famed as one of the greatest companies in American history. Aims and objectives   The main aim for carrying out the study was to have a full understanding of the sudden fall of the great company and the factors that contributed to the fall. This is important as it can provide future guideline in management  Ã‚   as it gives an insight on how effective management can turn and destroy all the good work that it has achieved. The following were the objectives for carrying out the study; †¢ To asses the operation climate of Enron and how the company was able to prosper in the market †¢ To assess the management of the company and how it contributed to the sudden fall of the company. †¢ To asses the corporate fraud that led to the fall of the company Literature review Cases of business scandals are not new in the business world.   It has become the same as being told the that two great companies are merging in a deal worth billions of   dollars and the same story surfaces tomorrow informing you of how the same company have been implicated in a major scandal and financial rip-off.   The business press these days has more stories on business scandals than it has on prosperity of mergers.   It has been shown that although the stock market boom is over, the boom of business scandals is still on. According to Ledbetter (2002)  Ã‚   it has not been a wonder at any moment in life to hear of companies coming together to expand their operations, but it has become more  Ã‚   stunning to hear of prosperous companies involved in all manners of scandals.  Ã‚   It is like the business scandals have become the order of the day. Jayne and Greg (2004) concur that there are many factor that have been contributing to the increased business scandals in the world but some of the factors that have really contributed to the increase is  Ã‚   the effect that they have on the personal lives.   Most of those who have been implicated in business scandal have not been punished in a way that other are likely to learn from them.   For example when Nathan   Chapman   was sent to   jail for 7 ½Ã‚   years   for defrauding the   Maryland state pension fund   system   and for looting  Ã‚   three public trade companies which he owned,   he only thanked  Ã‚   the testimony that was given by   three of   her former mistresses   as they helped to put him behind bars. This shows the many of those who have been implicated in these scandals do not only defraud their trusted shareholders but they also  Ã‚   betray themselves and their families.   Greg shows that these individuals may be suffering from some kind of social or mental deficiencies and they are led by greed, ego, and corrupt ideals. Most of the business scandals do not arise because there are no strong institutions to deter their occurrence but they are caused by individual who are more interested in serving their own interest rather than the interest of their own shareholders.   In this case it has been shown that it is a faulty management that can be  Ã‚   attributed to the rise of business scandals.  Ã‚   It is due to lack of ethics in business scandals continued to hamper the trust of shareholders on corporate leaders. For   example while   Enron   was shown to have strong institution that   were even praised and helped it to  Ã‚   be classified as one of the Fortune 100 companies,   there was not   practice of business ethics   in the company which eventually led to the scandal. (Brewer 2002, p.7) Business ethics are important practices that have been recognised in the business world as them most acceptable ways that helps to have fairness in the practices. Business ethics is a form of applied ethics in business operation which inculcate the ethical principles and the moral and ethical issues and the way they are to be addressed as they arise in the course of operation of the business.   Business ethics is an important cooperate practice that ensure that the business keep to the normative and descriptive factors in the course of its operation. Business ethics  Ã‚   requires a company to do what it is supposed to do and in the right way. Business ethics are the same the social and moral ethics but  Ã‚   as applied in business.  Ã‚   There are ethics that are applicable to all the sectors of business operation.  Ã‚   There are ethics in accounting information, human resource management, sales and marketing production, intellectual property, and in other business areas. Most of the business scandal usually occurs due to lack of practice of business ethics in one of those areas.   In some companies there may be scandals that many occur due to breach of more than one area as listed above. For example in case of Enron in America it had breached ethic in production and distribution of power, human resource, accounting practices, and in other areas. Methodology The study mainly collected data from the secondary sources.   The study used qualitative research using a case study. In this case Enron Company was used as the main sample. The study decided to use qualitative research in order to collect detailed data about enron. By concentrating on Enron, the study was able to gather as much data as possible that was used for the study. The study chose to use qualitative research instead of quantitative research since it wanted to collected detailed data about the operation of the company that would give an insight on what happened and the overall fall of the company. The study was not interested in the quantitative data but it was interested on whom, when and how things happened.   Most the data was collected from secondary source. The study used various sources of data that gave any information regarding the operation of Enron Company. It also looked at various case studies that had been done before regarding Enron and the ethical issue r4egarign the operation of the economy.   The following were used as the main sources of information for the study; †¢ Websites †¢ Periodicals and journals †¢ Magazines †¢ Books †¢ Company reports The data collected was analysed in comparison with the studies that have been done before. The practice that led to the fall of the company was benchmarked on the required ethical practice in the corporate world in America. The research was conducted for one week through the analysis of the above mentioned sources. There were a number of ethical issues that were taken into consideration in the collection of the data. In the process of the correcting data the research visited several  Ã‚   libraries and other sources that could help to get information on the operation of the company.   The researcher ensured that the information that was requested was only the one that pertained to the operation of Enron and its eventual fall. The research also ensured that it reduced the amount of bias in the collection of data as much as possible.   Although it considered personal views that had been expressed by different writers about the operation of the company, it did not bank on their opinion which could have been biased.   Instead it  Ã‚   concentrated on collecting facts. Results   In the 1990s, Enron was   universally accepted as one of   the most innovative companies   that had   made crucial step to adopt to the new market that   and the new economy to record success in an old industry that had remained unattractive due to   the high risk that was involved.   The  Ã‚   company had growth to success very fast and in the same way it coma crumbling down. (Floyd 2001, p. 4) The eventual fall of the company has been attributed to the scandals that ware perpetrated by individual persons  Ã‚   and the whole organization in general.   From the 1990 to1998, Enron’s stock had recorded a rise of 311 percent  Ã‚   and which was considered to be one of the  Ã‚   highest growths in the country. The stock had just soared in a short period in the stock market.   In 1999 the stock further rose by 56% and 87% by 2000. It was rated the most innovative company at the same by the Fortune magazine owing to the success it had made. But his image was to change in a short period of less than one year.   In less than a year the company was in tatter and stock price fall nearly to zero.  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main question that was asked by many people not only the shareholders was what was the main reason behind the fall of Enron once a successful company in period of less than one year? (Bryce 2002, p. 4) Though there were a number of activities that led to the eventual fall of Enron, the unfolding events from 2001 have been earmarked as the final blow that drove the nail in.   The following events that happened in a period of one year were responsible for the fall of the company On August 14 2001 Skilling resigned from the company after heading it for just 6 mothers. He cited the need to  Ã‚   have more time with the family although there was a factor the sagging share price. He was succeeded by Lay as the CEO. On august 22 the vice president Sherron Watking met with Lay in order to discuss a memo she had written citing looming accounting problems. On 12th October, An Arthur Anderson lawyer contacted a senior partner in Houston to remind him that  Ã‚   the company did not uphold a polity of   retaining documents that  Ã‚   were no longer   needed   which prompted the shredding of the   documents., On 16th October the same year Enron which had been posting huge profits before  Ã‚   reported a quarter loss of $638 milling loss and it also disclosed a $1.2 billion reduction in the shareholders equity. This was actually attributed to the  Ã‚   partnership that was run the chief financial office Andrew Fastow. (Gilpin 2001, p. 8) On 22nd October Enron acknowledged Securities and Exchange Commission inquire in the probability of the a conflict of interest which was related to the dealings and partnerships at the company On 23rd October Lay who had assumed the CEO passion expressed his support for Fastow. Fastow was eventually ousted in Oct. 24   On October 31st Enron accused the SEC inquires that had been upgraded into a forma investigation On November 8th Enron restated plans to consolidate partnerships arrangement retroactively.  Ã‚   The profit from 1997 to 2000 had declined by more that $591 million and the debt had increased by more $658 million. (Swartz 2003, p. 3) In November 9th it entered tin a merger with Dynergy In November 28 major credit rating  Ã‚   agencies now downgraded Enron’s debt to junk bond status which made the liability to retire its $4biono f its $13 billion debt. At the same time Dynergy pulled out of the proposed merge. (Berenson 2001, p, 23) On December 2 the company led for bankruptcy in New York and at the same time it sued Dynergy for breach of contract.

Carl Friedrich Gauss Essay -- Carl Friedrich Gauss

Carl Friedrich Gauss Carl Friedrich Gauss was born in Brunswick, Germany in 1777. His father was a laborer and had very unappreciative ideas of education. Gauss’ mother on the other hand was quite the contrary. She encouraged young Carl’s in his studies possibly because she had never been educated herself. (Eves 476) Gauss is regarded as the greatest mathematician of the nineteenth century and, along with Archimedes and Isaac Newton, one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time. (Eves 476) At a very early age Gauss showed signs of great mathematical things to come. At the age of only three years old he noticed arithmetic mistakes his father had made in bookkeeping. (Eves 476) At the age of seven he started elementary school and it was not long after that his teacher, BÃ ¼ttner, and his assistant, Martin Bartels, realized Gauss’ ability when he summed the numbers from 1 through 100 in his head. It had become obvious to Gauss that the numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 97 + 98 + 99 + 100 could also be thought of as 1 + 100 + 2 + 9... Carl Friedrich Gauss Essay -- Carl Friedrich Gauss Carl Friedrich Gauss Carl Friedrich Gauss was born in Brunswick, Germany in 1777. His father was a laborer and had very unappreciative ideas of education. Gauss’ mother on the other hand was quite the contrary. She encouraged young Carl’s in his studies possibly because she had never been educated herself. (Eves 476) Gauss is regarded as the greatest mathematician of the nineteenth century and, along with Archimedes and Isaac Newton, one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time. (Eves 476) At a very early age Gauss showed signs of great mathematical things to come. At the age of only three years old he noticed arithmetic mistakes his father had made in bookkeeping. (Eves 476) At the age of seven he started elementary school and it was not long after that his teacher, BÃ ¼ttner, and his assistant, Martin Bartels, realized Gauss’ ability when he summed the numbers from 1 through 100 in his head. It had become obvious to Gauss that the numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + 97 + 98 + 99 + 100 could also be thought of as 1 + 100 + 2 + 9...

Dynamic and formal equivalence Essay

? Wikipedia: Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. ? General Oxford Dictionary: Translation n 1 the act or an instance of translating. 2 a written or spoken expression of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language. ? Dictionary of Translation Studies: Translation: An incredibly broad notion which can be understood in many different ways. For example, one may talk of translation as a process or a product, and identify sub-types as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation; moreover, while more typically it just refers to the transfer of written texts, the term sometimes also includes interpreting. ? Free Online Dictionary: trans ·la ·tion (tr[pic]ns-l[pic][pic]sh[pic]n) n. 1. a. The act or process of translating, especially from one language into another. b. The state of being translated. 2. A translated version of a text. ? Elook. org [noun] a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language. Synonyms: interlingual rendition, rendering, version In his seminal paper, ‘On Linguistic Aspects of Translation’ (Jakobson 1959/2000), the Russo-American linguist Roman Jakobson makes a very important distinction between three types of written translation: 1. Intralingual translation- translation within the same language, which can involve rewording or paraphrase. 2. Interlingual Translation- Translation from language to another, and 3. Intersemiotic Translation- Translation of the verbal sign by a non-verbal sign, e. g music or image. Only the second category, interlingual translation, is deemed ‘translation proper’ by Jackobson. Theories of Translation Eugene A. Nida Discussions about theories of translation are too often concerned with distinctions between literary and nonliterary texts, between prose and poetry, or between technical articles on physics and run-of-the-mill commercial correspondence. But in order to understand the nature of translation, the focus should not be on different types of discourse but on the processes and procedures involved in any and all kinds of interlingual communication (Bell, 1987). Furthermore, a theory of interlingual communication should not be restricted to discussions between translating and interpreting (whether consecutive or simultaneous), since interpreting differs from translating primarily because of the pressures of time and exigencies of the setting. Some professional translators take considerable pride in denying that they have any theory of translation — they just translate. In reality, however, all persons engaged in the complex task of translating possess some type of underlying or covert theory, even though it may be still very embryonic and described only as just being â€Å"faithful to what the author was trying to say. † Instead of no theories of translation, there are a multiplicity of such theories, even though they are seldomly stated in terms of a full-blown theory of why, when, and how to translate. One of the reasons for so many different views about translating is that interlingual communication has been going on since the dawn of human history. As early as the third millenium BC, bilingual lists of words — evidently for the use of translators — were being made in Mesopotamia, and today translating and interpreting are going on in more than a thousand languages — in fact, wherever there are bilinguals. One of the paradoxes of interlingual communication is that it is both amazingly complex (regarded by LA. Richards (1953) as â€Å"probably the most complex type of event yet produced in the evolution of the cosmos†) and also completely natural (Harris and Sherwood, 1978). Interpreting is often done by children with amazingly fine results, especially before they have gone to school and have learned something about nouns, verbs, and adjectives. One reason for the great variety of translation theories and subtheories is the fact that the processes of translating can be viewed from so many different perspectives: stylistics, author’s intent, diversity of languages, differences of corresponding cultures, problems of interpersonal communication, changes in literary fashion, distinct kinds of content (e.g. mathematical theory and lyric poetry), and the circumstances in which translations are to be used, e. g. read in the tranquil setting of one’s own living room, acted on the theatre stage, or blared from a loudspeaker to a restless mob. The wide range of theories and the great diversity of problems in translation have been treated by a number of persons interested in translation theory and practice, e. g. Guttinger (1963), Vazquez Ayora (1977), and Wilss (1988). A theory should be a coherent and integrated set of propositions used as principles for explaining a class of phenomena. But a fully satisfactory theory of translating should be more than a list of rules-of-thumb by which translators have generally succeeded in reproducing reasonably adequate renderings of source texts. A satisfactory theory should help in the recognition of elements which have not been recognized before, as in the case of black holes in astrophysics. A theory should also provide a measure of predictability about the degree of success to be expected from the use of certain principles, given the particular expectations of an audience, the nature of the content, the amount of information carried by the form of the discourse, and the circumstances of use. Despite a number of important treatments of the basic principles and procedures of translation, no full-scale theory of translation now exists. In fact, it is anomalous to speak of â€Å"theories of translation,† since all that has been accomplished thus far are important series of insightful perspectives on this complex undertaking. The basic reason for this lack of adequate theoretical treatments is that translating is essentially a technology which is dependent upon a number of disciplines: linguistics, cultural anthropology, psychology, communication theory, and neurophysiology. We really know so little about what makes translators tick. But tick they must — and increasingly so in a shrinking multilingual world. Instead of speaking of theories of translation, we should perhaps speak more about various approaches to the task of translating, different orientations which provide helpful insight, and diverse ways of talking about how a message can be transferred from one language to another. The different ways in which people go about the task of interlingual communication can perhaps be best described in terms of different perspectives: (1) the source text, including its production, transmission, and history of interpretation, (2) the languages involved in restructuring the source-language message into the receptor (or target) language, (3) the communication events which constitute the setting of the source message and the translated text, and (4) the variety of codes involved in the respective communication events. These four different perspectives could be regarded as essentially philological, linguistic, communicative, and sociosemiotic. These four major perspectives on the problems of interlingual communication should not, however, be regarded as competitive or antagonistic, but as complementary and supplementary. They do not invalidate one another but result in a broader understanding of the nature of translating. They do, nevertheless, reflect an interesting historical development as the focus of attention has shifted from emphasis on the starting point, namely, the source text, to the manner in which a text is understood by those who receive and interpret it. Such a development is quite natural in view of the fact that all communication is goal oriented and moves from the source’s intention to the receptor’s interpretation. The philological perspective The philological perspective on translation in the Western World goes back ultimately to some of the seminal observations by such persons as Cicero, Horace, Augustine, and Jerome, whose principal concerns were the correct rendering of Greek texts into Latin. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe the philological orientation in translating focused on the issue of â€Å"faithfulness,† usually bound closely to the history of interpretation of the text, something which was especially crucial in the case of Bible translations. For the most part, arguments about the adequacy of translations dealt with the degree of freedom which could or should be allowed, and scholars discussed heatedly whether a translator should bring the reader to the text or bring the text to the reader. Some of the most important early contributions to the philological aspects of translation were made by Luther (1530), Etienne Dolet (1540), Cowley (1656), Dryden (1680), and Pope (1715), but Luther’s influence was probably the greatest in view of his having directly and indirectly influenced so many Bible translations first in Western Europe and later in other parts of the world. This philological perspective is still very much alive, as witnessed by the important contributions of such persons as Cary and Jumpelt (1963), George Steiner (1975), and John Felstiner (1980). Felstiner’s book on Translating Neruda is a particularly valuable contribution to the problem of translating lyric poetry. And the numerous articles in Translation Review, published by the University of Texas at Dallas on behalf of the American Literary Translators Association, represent very well this philological perspective. It is amazing, however, that avowedly philological approaches to translating can result in such radically different results. Those who set their priorities on preserving the literary form produce the kinds of translations which one finds in the text of 2 Corinthians 10. 14-16 in the New American Standard Version of the Bible: For we are not overextending ourselves, as if we did not reach to you, for we were the first to come even as far as you in the gospel of Christ; not boasting beyond our measure, that is, in other men’s labors, but with the hope that as your faith grows, we shall be, within our sphere, enlarged even more by you, so as to preach the gospel even to the regions beyond you, and not to boast in what has been accomplished in the sphere of another. The Greek of this passage is not stylistically bad, but this English butchering of it is hacking at its worst. Many translators have, however, succeeded brilliantly in combining sensitivity to style with faithfulness to content, perhaps represented most strikingly in the rendering of the plays of Aristophanes by Benjamin B. Rogers in the Loeb series (1924). The Clouds is an especially difficult text to translate adequately, since it combines sublime lyrical passages, sharp barbs against philosophy, satirical treatment of Greek education, and ribald humor, which must have kept the crowds roaring with laughter. Rogers makes the text come alive with frequent shifts in meter to match the mood, clever plays on the meanings of words, and particularly adroit handling of dialogue, even to the point of toning down the scatological comments to match the Victorian tastes of his readers. A number of the essential features and limitations of the philological perspective on translating literary works are helpfully described and discussed by Paz (1971) and by Mounin (1963). Octavio Paz has the special gift of being able to discuss issues of literary translation with the touch of a literary artist, which indeed he is. And Georges Mounin has a way of delineating diverse opinions and judgments so as perform an elegant balancing act. Those who have followed primarily a philological orientation toward translating have increasingly recognized that other factors must be given greater attention. In the volume On Translation, edited by Brower (1959), and in the volume Translation: Literary, Linguistic, and Philosophical Perspectives, edited by Frawley (1984), these broader factors of linguistic and cultural matters are introduced and point the way to a more satisfactory approach to some of the crucial problems confronted by translators. The linguistic perspective Since translating always involves at least two different languages, it was inevitable that a number of persons studying the issues of translation would focus upon the distinctive features of the source and receptor languages. Important studies of diverse linguistic structures by such persons as Sapir, Bloomfield, Trubetskoy, and Jakobson laid the foundation for a systematic study of the functions of language. Then the analysis of languages outside of the Semitic and IndoEuropean families by linguist-anthropologists provided the creative stimulus for seeing interlingual relations in new and creative ways. Chomsky (1965, 1972) and his colleagues added a dynamic dimension to language structure through the use of transformations. All this led to the publication of a number of books on translating which have focused primary attention on the correspondences in language structures. Some of the most important of these books were by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Nida (1964), Catford (1965), Tatilon (1986), Larson (1984) and Malone (1988). Except for Malone’s volume, most books dealing with the linguistic aspects of translating have been essentially aimed at meaningful relations rather than purely formal ones. This is particularly true of the approach of Nida and of Larson. But Malone’s volume employs a transformational orientation for a number of formal and semantic processes, including equation, substitution, divergence, convergence, amplification, reduction, diffusion, and condensation. This focus on processes is very productive, but greater attention needs to be paid to the pragmatic features of the original message and to the circumstances regarding the use of a translation. Developments in transformational-generative grammar, with its Boolean rewrite rules and seemingly precise formulas for embedding, gave machine translating a great methodological boost, but this was not adequate to fulfill the expectations aroused through early promotion by computer enthusiasts. The limited success of machine translating, since it requires so much preediting and postediting, has resulted in a shift of focus from purely linguistic methods to Artificial Intelligence as a possible source of fresh insights. But even with highly sophisticated techniques the resulting translations often sound very unnatural (Somers et al, 1988). Some important indirect contributions to a linguistic approach to translating have been made by a number of philosophers interested in linguistic analysis as a way of bringing philosophy down from the clouds of truth, beauty, and goodness to the realism of talking about the language of philosophical discussion. Some of the most influential of these philosophers have been Wittgenstein (1953), Cassirer (1953), Grice (1968), Quine (1953, 1959), and Ric? ur (1969). Many of their insights have been effectively discussed from the linguistic viewpoint by Wells (1954), Antal (1963), Leech (1970), and Moravcsik (1972). These developments provided an important stimulus for developing a less naive approach to epistemology in translation theory. It also encouraged greater interest in the ordinary uses of language in dialogue and helped to undermine false confidence in the reliability of natural language. A number of psychological insights about translating have been contributed by Ladmiral (1972), who has treated a variety of psychological factors which  influence the ways in which linguistic and cultural elements in communication are processed by the mind. And Lambert (1978) has distinguished two different types of bilingualism based on a speaker’s degree of integration of the respective language codes. This should prove very useful in understanding certain marked differences in the manner in which translators and interpreters perform. The communicative perspective The volume From One Language to Another (de Waard and Nida, 1986) reflects the importance of a number of basic elements in communication theory, namely, source, message, receptor, feedback, noise, setting, and medium. It also treats the processes of encoding and decoding of the original communication and compares these with the more complex series in the translation process. Linguists working in the field of sociolinguistics, e. g. Labov (1972), Hymes (1974), and Gumperz (1982), have made particularly important contributions to understanding principles of translating which focus upon various processes in communication. This relation between sociolinguistics and translation is a very natural one, since sociolinguists deal primarily with language as it is used by society in communicating. The different ways in which societies employ language in interpersonal relations are crucial for anyone concerned with translating. Any approach to translating based on communication theory must give considerable attention to the paralinguistic and extralinguistic features of oral and written messages. Such features as tone of voice, loudness, peculiarities of enunciation, gestures, stance, and eye contact are obviously important in oral communication, but many people fail to realize that analogous factors are also present in written communication, e. g.  style of type, format, quality of paper, and type of binding. For effective impact and appeal, form cannot be separated from content, since form itself carries so much meaning, although in Suzanne Langer’s sense of â€Å"presentational† rather than â€Å"discoursive† truth (1951). This joining of form and content has inevitably led to more serious attention being given to the major functions of language, e. g. informative, expressive, cognitive, imperative, performative, emotive, and interpersonal, including the recognition that the information function is much less prominent than has been traditionally thought. In fact, information probably accounts for less that twenty percent of what goes on in the use of language. This emphasis upon the functions of language has also served to emphasize the importance of discourse structures, also spoken of as â€Å"rhetoric† and â€Å"poetics,† in which important help for translators has come through contributions by Jakobson (1960), Grimes (1972), and Traugott and Pratt (1980). This focus on discourse structures means that any judgment about the validity of a translation must be judged in terms of the extent to which the corresponding source and receptor texts adequately fulfill their respective functions. A minimal requirement for adequacy of a translation would be that the readers would be able to comprehend and appreciate how the original readers of the text understood and possibly responded to it. A maximal requirement for translational adequacy would mean that the readers of the translation would respond to the text both emotively and cognitively in a manner essentially similar to the ways in which the original readers responded. The minimal requirement would apply to texts which are so separated by cultural and linguistic differences as to make equivalent responses practically impossible, e. g. translations into English of West African healing incantations. A maximal requirement would apply to the translation of some of Heinrich Heine’s poems into English. Such requirements of equivalence point to the possibilities and limitations of translating various text types having diverse functions. Mounin (1963) treats this same issue as a matter of â€Å"translatability,† and Reiss (1972) has discussed the communicative aspects of translation by calling attention to the issue of functional equivalence. The sociosemiotic perspective. The central focus in a sociosemiotic perspective on translation is the multiplicity of codes involved in any act of verbal communication. Words never occur without some added paralinguistic or extralinguistic features. And when people listen to a speaker, they not only take in the verbal message, but on the basis of background information and various extralinguistic codes, they make judgments about a speaker’s sincerity, commitment to truth, breadth of learning, specialized knowledge, ethnic background, concern for other people, and personal attractiveness. In fact, the impact of the verbal message is largely dependent upon judgments based on these extralinguistic codes. Most people are completely unaware of such codes, but they are crucial for what people call their â€Å"gut feelings. â€Å"These types of codes are always present in one way or another, whether in oral or written communication, but there are certain other accompanying codes which are optional and to which the verbal message must adjust in varying ways, e. g. the action in a drama, the music of a song, and the multiple visual and auditory features of a multimedia essay. These optional codes often become the dominant factors in a translation, especially when lip synchronization is required in television films. The problem of multiple codes and their relation to the social setting of communication have been helpfully treated by a number of persons, e. g. Eco (1976), Krampen (1979), Merrell (1979), and Robinson (1985). The beginning of a sociosemiotic approach to translating has been undertaken by de Waard and Nida (1986) and by Toury (1980), but a good deal more must be done to understand the precise manner in which the language code relates to other behavioral codcs. In the first place, language must be viewed not as a cognitive construct, but as a shared set of habits using the voice to communicate. This set of habits has developed within society, is transmitted by society, and is learned within a social setting. This implies a clear shift away from abstract and reductionist approaches to language and toward the sociolinguistic contexts of performance in both encoding and decoding messages communicated by multiple codes. This also means that in both encoding and decoding there is a dialogic engagement between source and receptors, both in anticipatory feedback (anticipating how receptors will react) and in actual feedback through verbal and nonverbal codes. In the second place, language must also be viewed as potentially and actually idiosyncratic and sociosyncratic, in the sense that people may create new types of expressions, may construct new literary forms, and may attach new significance to older forms of expression. Discourse, in fact, becomes as much a matter of fashion as any other element of communication, and outstanding communicators can set new standards and initiate new trends.  The advantages of a sociosemiotic approach to translating are to be found in (1) employing a realistic epistemology which can speak relevantly about the real world of everyday experience, since its basis is a triadic relation between sign, referent, and interpretant (the process of interpretation based on the system of signs  and on the dialogic function of society), (2) Being at the cutting edge of verbal creativity, rather than being bound by reductionist requirements which depend on ideal speaker-hearers, who never exist, (3) recognizing the plasticity of language, the fuzzy boundaries of usage, and the ultimate indeterminacy of meaning, which makes language such a frustrating and subtly elegant vehicle for dialogue, and (4) being essentially interdisciplinary in view of the multiplicity of codes. The full implications of sociosemiotic theories and their relation to translation are only now emerging, but they have the potential for developing highly significant insights and numerous practical procedures for more meaningful and acceptable results.

Jones-Blair Case Anaylsis Essay

Strategic Issues and Problems: The Jones Blair Company competes in a 50-county area throughout Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Louisiana. Their major business and financial center is located in eleven county Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan areas. Jones Blair Company is a privately held corporation that produces and markets paint under the Jones-Blair brand name. A large portion of the maturing paint industry, $10 billion, is established from architectural coatings and the annual growth rate is expected to equal that of general inflation in the coming years. Dollar sales have increased at an average annual rate of 4 percent per year over the past decade. The company has been very successful in maintaining their margins even with increased research and development material and labor costs. A small number of regional paint manufacturers have competed successfully against paint manufacturer that distribute their products national. Major producers of paint for the architectural coatings segments account for 60 percent of sales in the architectural coating segments. The competition is pretty stiff when it comes to private store brands or specialty stores. Even with the growing success of Jones Blair it is not enough and in order to reach their business goals at a time when growth is nonexistent, Jones Blair must take immediate action and surge their sales team and change their sales energies. Mass merchandisers pose a serious threat to the future achieved sales levels of Jones Blair Company. Jones Blair Company is currently looking for solutions for gaining more consumers through marketing their architectural coatings and sundries in the southwestern United States. Market Segmentation The market of Jones Blair can be divided to two groups: Dallas-Fort Worth area and Non Dallas-Fort Worth. Among these two areas, there are the contractors, the DIY households and the professional painters. From reading case, I gathered that the estimated dollar volume of architectural paint and allied products sold in Jones Blair’s 50 countries service area in 2004 was $80 million (excluding contractor sales). The DFW are accounted for 60 percent or $48 million, while the remaining 40 percent or $32 million is sold in the other areas outside the DFW area. 70 percent of the DFW sales are accounted for by do-it-yourselfers while the other 30 percent is sold to professional painters. In the other areas outside of the DFW area 90 percent of sales are accounted for by do-it-yourselfers while the other 10 percent is sold to professional papers. (See Exhibit 2). This would means the percentage of the market segment is as following: DFW ($48 millions) Non-DFW ($32 millions) Professional Painters 70% ($33.6 millions) 30% ($9.6 millions) DIY households 30% ($14.4 millions1) 70% ($22.4 millions) Plan of Action The senior management team has examined the paint industry, especially the architectural paint markets, and they have yet to come to a conclusion. The president of Jones Blair, Mr. Alexander Barrett, is planning to have another meeting with his executive team where they will each present their suggestions and he has exclaimed a decision must be made. Recommendations Jones Blair executives have developed four alternatives to relieve the company’s marketing problem (which are outlined as follows): a) Cut price by 20% b) Spend additional $350,000 on corporate advertising; c) Hire one additional sales representative d) Do Nothing (Status Quo) a) Cut price by 20% Compared to other leading national brands, Jones Blair is priced relatively high. This is based on the extremely high quality and performance of the products. By cutting price, Jones Blair will be able to stay competitive in price with other the other products on the market. b) Spend an additional $350,000 on corporate advertising This money will be used to increase awareness. Most of it will be spent on television ads targeted mainly in the Dallas Fort Worth (DFW) area at the do-it-yourself market. Brand image is important to consumers and television ads are a great way to get their name out. Most of this population is aware of this product and only some of this population would purchase it. c) Hire an additional sales representative Hiring an additional sales representative will allow Jones Blair to focus on new markets. These markets should be outside of the DFW area and allow for new cities and states to recognize Jones Blair. d) Do Nothing (Status Quo) Since Jones Blair has continually seen profits each year; they should maintain their current marketing objectives and do nothing. Jones Blair has done an excellent job of this in the past by watching the margins and controlling costs. By doing nothing, the company will not need to spend any additional money. e) Alternative Recommendations a.) Cut price by 20% In 2004 architectural product sales volume was $12,000,000. Jones Blair has a current net profit of $1.14 million, and to stay profitable it must maintain this amount. $12,000,000*.35= $4,200,000 If Jones Blair reduced its price by 20% the contribution margin will drop to 15%. ($12,000,000)*.15 = ($1,800,000) If the company drops the price by 20% the company will see a 33% increase in sales. ($1,800,000 * .33) =$4,200,000 ($594,000) STRENGTHS: Jones Blair will sell more products, because it will be able to compete with its competitors in price. WEAKNESSES: May not be able to sell enough in volume to cover cost of goods sold. If the price is more competitive with other companies it may not be looked at as superior quality. b.) Spend additional $350,000 on corporate advertising. The marketing department proposes a television campaign targeted at the DFW do-it-yourself market. This will cost an additional $350,000, but will significantly increase the awareness of Jones Blair products. Research has proven that brand awareness is a major factor in purchasing decisions. If Jones Blair does agree to use this method the company will need to make at least $122,500 to break even and cover the cost of this new promotion ($350,000/.35= $122,500). Most of the DFW consumers are do-it-yourselfers, so a television ad will be beneficial in this market. STRENGTHS: Consumers will become aware of Jones Blair. Do-it-yourselfer’s account for 70% of volume in the DFW area. Advertising is proven to increase awareness, and awareness is a critical factor in consumer purchasing decisions. WEAKNESSES: Almost doubling current advertising costs ($360,000+$350,000). This recommendation requires a large budget and has little guarantee of results because about 75% of the viewing au dience does not buy paint. Consumer buying process shows household buyers choose a store first, not a brand; therefore, cooperative ad is required, not brand advertising. c.) Hire an additional sales representative. Sales outside of our home territory DFW are crucial for maintaining competition in the market. A sales rep would cost the company $60,000 a year. So the company would need ($60,000/.35) about $171,428.58 of additional profits to cover this. 120 retailers are located outside of DFW. If we look at our current dollar amount needed to stay profitable $4,200,000 and divide that by stores…$4,200,000/120= $35,000 So… $171,428.58/$35,000 = about 5. So the company would require a new sales rep to acquire at least 5 new accounts a year to breakeven. STRENGTHS: New clients may bring more opportunity to the table through word of mouth. Doesn’t cost the company a significant amount of money to do. WEAKNESSES: Does not promise new clients. It’s only concentrating on most profitable market, DFW. d.) Do nothing (Status Quo) Jones Blair will not change any of their marketing strategies. STRENGTHS: Does not cost the company any extra money to maintain current objectives. Jones Blair is currently making money, why change? WEAKNESSES • Jones Blair will not always be profitable in the future; the cost of research and development will only increase. Needs to stay competitive in the market and not looking into long term vision of the company. Final recommendation Jones Blair needs to look into the future and envision the company competing with competitors. Its best bet is to focus on the consumers in its main home market, DFW. If they can gain awareness of the home market, sooner or later word will spread throughout all of their markets and business will boom. Making a $1,000,000 minimum income looks like pocket change. Right now Jones Blair can afford this and still have a $400,000 profit. Target Market The target market for Jones Blair is consumers in its main home market, DFW. Specifically the consumers in their architectural coatings and sundries arena. Marketing Mix Promotion: Jones Blair Company advertising can potentially boost their clientele bringing more awareness to the DIY segment in the southwestern area of the United States. This was essentially the objective of the executive meeting and advertising is proven to increase awareness, and awareness is a critical factor in most consumer purchasing decisions. Place: The Company distributes its product through 200 independent paint stores, lumber yards and hardware outlets. With the expanded advertisements Jones Blair can expand to their marketing scope connecting with more consumers, especially in the southwestern area of the US. Price: Almost doubling current advertising costs ($360,000+$350,000), advertising would be the best way to reach the masses in the regions that are going unnoticed. Product: Architectural coatings and sundries supplied throughout the southwestern United States.

Complete Guide How to Compose a Criminal Law Term Paper that Rocks

Complete Guide How to Compose a Criminal Law Term Paper that Rocks The Peculiarities of Criminal Law Term Paper Writing Criminal Law is considered to be a foundational course for all the college undergraduates who want to fight on the side of justice and build their careers in this field. Having enrolled in this course, all the students usually study a number of additional disciplines that include psychology, sociology, criminal behavior, criminology, criminal procedure, and public policy. Needless to say, that the course of Criminal Law implies that college undergraduates have a chance to study some critical aspects of the legal system. Such aspects may involve the basic knowledge of the parole system, law enforcement, courts, investigations, and corrections. The important point is that these students are often assigned with the task to write a term paper to give the professors an opportunity to evaluate their knowledge of the course material. Moreover, in the attempt to write an A+ term paper, the individuals should demonstrate their abilities to observe, to reason, and to reflect their critical thinking skills. Since a term paper may influence your final course grade, you should take great efforts to submit a well-structured and plagiarism-free term paper. If you want to write a term paper that deserves a high grade, it is critical to have a good understanding of the general structure of such a college assignment. Apart from that, you will need to use some pre-writing and post-writing activities to make your term paper informative and concise at the same time. It is a common thing that all the academic writing assignments should include your personal thoughts, as well as evidence of critical analysis, related to the topic of the research. For instance, imagine that you are writing a term paper entitled as ‘Assisted Death: Mercy or Just a Crime?’ In this case, you should explain your point of view regarding this controversial issue. Another important element of a good term paper is the use of factual information to support the main arguments introduced in the written assignment. Since a term paper is regarded as one of the common formats of academic writing, you should remember the importance of appropriate and credible sources used in the process of writing. Turning back to the same topic related to the assisted suicide, you can refer to the Suicide Act of 1961 that prohibited the euthanasia and to the Death with Dignity Act of 1994 that legalized the physician-assisted death. According to the recent statistics, the majority of the modern college undergraduates faces numerous challenges while writing a term paper in criminal law or criminal justice. A list of such difficulties may include: Choosing a bad topic for the research. A bad topic may be either unknown to you or irrelevant to the research. Without a doubt, looking through the additional materials in the attempt to get a particular knowledge of the chosen topic is a time-consuming task. Hence if, for instance, you have the insufficient knowledge of the criminal defense issues, avoid choosing this particular topic for your research. The poor understanding of the paper’s structure. Usually, the poorly structured college writing assignment lacks one of the key sections that include the introduction, the main body, and the conclusion. The use of different sources that cannot be regarded as credible ones. The use of newspapers as the sources of information is a great mistake since they are often biased. Such sources like The Crime Report, The Conversation, and Fox News should not be included on the list of references. Choosing a Perfect Topic for Criminal Law Term Paper It is no need to restate that the process of choosing a topic for the research is one of the most challenging steps in completing this college assignment. Indeed, in most cases, college undergraduates have a chance to select a topic among the ones provided by their professors. However, there are some cases when you need to choose the issue to be discussed in your term paper on your own. In this case, you can choose the topic of your interest that will make the writing process even more engaging. The process of choosing a topic for a criminal law term paper looks beyond finding a particular issue that attracts your interest. There are seven steps that should be taken through the process of choosing a topic for a paper. Step 1. Brainstorm for ideas in order to select a topic for your college assignment. While choosing the topic for your research, ask yourself the following questions: â€Å"Do I have a strong opinion regarding the issue discussed in the paper?† or â€Å"Do I want to learn a particular issue better?† Step 2. Find general background information regarding the chosen topic. In this case, you may use academic publications, journal articles, and newspaper posts. If we take the topic of euthanasia for illustrative purposes, it is required to find reliable materials that examine this issue from different perspectives. Step 3. If you have chosen a broad topic, you are highly recommended to narrow the field of your research and limit your topic. Since the topic of physician-assisted suicide is a broad topic for the research, you can try to narrow it by asserting that euthanasia should be legalized. Step 4. Make a list of useful keywords related to the topic you would like to discuss in the college written assignment. Taking into account the topic that we use for illustrative purposes, the list of keywords may include â€Å"active euthanasia†, â€Å"dying with dignity†, â€Å"Suicide Act†, â€Å"assisted suicide†, â€Å"passive euthanasia†, â€Å"involuntary euthanasia†, and â€Å"quality of life†. Step 5. Be flexible and use the opportunity to modify your topic during the process of research. Step 6. Find the required materials that would be useful for your term paper and read them carefully. The more knowledge of your topic you have, the better grades you will get. Step 7. Do not forget to formulate a strong thesis statement. A good example of an effective thesis statement can be found in the following sentence – â€Å"Euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide should be a legal option for the individuals diagnosed with a terminal illness†. Eye-Catching Ideas that Work Best for the Criminal Law Term Paper Should Capital Punishment Be Banned in the United States? How to Explain the Public Opinion Regarding the Mandatory Sentencing? Mandatory Sentencing as the Way of Punishment; Lethal Injection Drugs and Legal Challenges; Mental Disorders, Crime, and Punishment. Selecting Relevant Sources for Criminal Law Term Paper It is common knowledge that finding reliable sources is considered to be an important stage of the research process. If you fail to find relevant and credible sources, the ideas presented in the paper will not be regarded as effective arguments. Needless to say, that you should be able to understand which sources of information are credible. While searching for the required materials, you should take into account several factors that include depth, objectivity, currency, authority, and purpose. Depth While evaluating the sources, analyze each of them from the perspectives of breadth and depth. Make sure that the scope of these information sources is broad and intense. Objectivity The sources of information that you want to use in your criminal law term paper should not be biased in any way. Currency The factor of currency implies that the materials introduced in a particular source should represent accurate and current information. Authority You should consider whether the author has a required degree in the field of your research. Purpose Analyze the purpose of the source you want to use while writing your term paper. Take into account the target audience as well since it is considerably important. In most cases, the majority of college undergraduates does not have any difficulties in finding and using the information sources. In fact, many scientific journals that represent a variety of disciplines may include a particular literature related to the fields of crime and the criminal justice system. Evidently, while writing a term paper, you can use the criminal justice journals as well as the criminology publications. For instance, the most popular criminal justice and criminology journals include American Journal of Criminal Justice, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, and the British Journal of Criminology. Governmental publications usually contain some important materials that can be useful for your research. These sources are often used when it is necessary to provide evidence of the descriptive statistics used in the paper. As follows, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, as well as the National Institute of Justice, tends to publish regular reports in different areas of criminal justice. Both federal government agencies use the basic statistical techniques to publish some materials related to the issues of violence prevention, incarceration, or juvenile delinquency. Apart from that, a common list of sources that are frequently cited includes the Constitutions, statutes, and ordinances. Importance and Efficiency of Pre-Writing Activities Before you start working on your college assignment, you should have a clear understanding of the grading system for the term paper used by the professor. Apart from that, it is critical to understand his or her expectations. Think about the target audience since it is a considerably important factor that may influence your final results. The draft of a thesis statement, as well as the one of a term paper proposal, should be ready before you start writing the paper. When the professor approves your term paper proposal, it is recommended to create an outline for your writing. When you proceed with the first draft of a term paper, use this outline as a guide. Do research and find all the required materials before you start working on the paper. Needless to say, all the sources should be credible, reliable, and relevant. Additionally, you are recommended to create at least two drafts before writing a final paper. If you follow all the recommendations mentioned above, you will have a better chance to submit a high-quality term paper. Furthermore, these pre-writing activities may bring you a lot of benefits that will ease and accelerate the writing process. In fact, when college undergraduates plan out these activities, they are more likely to form coherent and concise arguments developed in their term papers. Plus, while creating the first draft of the assignment, they may think about the organization of the body paragraphs included in the paper. In turn, the ultimate advantage of the pre-writing activities is related to the content of the paper. While using these strategies, students can prevent some errors that could be committed occasionally. Common Structure of Criminal Law Term Paper A good understanding of the term paper structure improves your chances to submit a perfect paper and get the desired grades. Usually, a term paper has a basic structure that should be followed by all students. Generally speaking, this type of academic writing should include the particular key sections placed in a logical sequence. Since a term paper is considered a formal writing assignment, your paper should consist of Title Page, Table of Contents, Introduction, Main Body, Conclusion, and References. In the following passage, you can find a brief explanation of the key components of a criminal law term paper. Let us take the topic â€Å"Mental Disorders, Crime, and Punishment† to illustrate the theoretical issues related to the structure of a term paper. Engaging Ways to Begin a Term Paper: Tips from Our Experts It is a common knowledge that an introduction is the first part of a writing assignment. Although it is usually placed at the beginning of a term paper, you are highly recommended to write this part when the body paragraphs and the conclusion are already finished. In general, with the introduction, writers bring the topic of their research to the attention of the target readers. This paragraph should also include a perfect ‘hook’ that will spark the interest in the audience. In addition, it is required to provide relevant background information related to the topic of research. A strong thesis statement is one of the critical elements that have to be included in this section. As you remember, we have chosen the topic related to the criminal responsibility of the individuals suffering from different mental disorders. In the introduction, we should provide a brief overview of the current state of this important issue. What is more, we can discuss two possible outcomes for criminals with mental disorders. In the thesis statement, it is necessary to explain that this problem is a considerably controversial issue and provide two opposite sides of the problem. For instance, â€Å"While some individuals claim that such criminals should be punished, the others state that they should be treated for their behavior. The Main Body Where the Things Happen The main body is the basic component of your writing, and hence, you are recommended to complete the body paragraphs at the beginning of the writing process. Depending on the purpose of this college assignment, this particular section of a term paper may be organized in different ways. Below you can find some common recommendations that will be useful in the writing process. Divide this part of the paper into several sections and subsections to make your term paper readable. In this case, we can divide our writing into three main sections. The first one will discuss the current state of people with mental disorders in the criminal justice, as well as the current laws related to the criminal responsibility of the mentally disturbed individuals. In the second section, we can attempt to prove that such criminals should be punished. Finally, the third section will explain why the individuals with mental illnesses should be rather treated than punished for committing a crime. Do not forget that credible and reliable sources of information should support all the arguments presented in the body paragraphs. The materials needed for your research can be found in various peer-reviewed journals, government publications, and professional journals as well. Every publication used in your college assignment should be cited properly. The clear, well-organized, and logically comprehensible text is a must for a criminal law term paper. Although you have to use some additional materials to complete a paper, do not forget to mention your standpoint. What is more, you can disagree with the arguments presented in the sources you have used in the writing process. However, your ideas should be supported by evidence. End Your Criminal Law Term Paper Powerfully In this part of a term paper, you should refer back to the issue discussed in the introduction. In conclusion, it is required to restate the topic for the research, as well as the thesis statement, introduced in the opening paragraph. Apart from that, it is necessary to summarize all the important points discussed in the body paragraphs. Do not forget to talk about the significance of all the arguments you have provided. Post-Writing Activities: Proofreading and Editing The final two elements known as the proofreading and the editing are the final stages of the writing process. The following useful tips and recommendations will turn the draft of your term paper into a polished college writing assignment. Check the critical grammatical aspects that include the use of a consistent tense as well as the subject-verb and the noun-pronoun agreements; Spelling, Punctuation, and Capitalization are the other three factors that should be taken into account if you want to get the best grades; Check whether all the sentences, as well as the sentence fragments used in the paper, have a good structure; Make sure that the entire text is coherent and that all the body paragraphs are placed in a logical sequence. References Before You Start That Paper: Some Prewriting Tip. University Of Kansas School Of Medicine, kumc.edu/Documents/counseling/Before%20You%20Start%20That%20Pape r_rev.pdf. Accessed 18 Aug 2018. Buttram, Cayla et al. Source Credibility: How To Select The Best Sources. UNA Center For Writing Excellence, 2012, https://www.una.edu/writingcenter/docs/Writing- Resources/Source%20Credibility.pdf. Accessed 10 Aug 2018. Essentials Of How To Write A Term Paper. A Research Guide, https://www.aresearchguide.com/write-a-term-paper.html. Accessed 9 Aug 2018. How To Select A Research Paper.University Of Michigan-Flint, https://www.umflint.edu/library/how-select-research-topic. Accessed 9 Aug 2018. Saprik, Khairunnisa. Why Study Criminal Law?. Hot Course Abroad, https://www.hotcoursesabroad.com/study-abroad-info/subject-guides/why-study- criminal-law/. Accessed 9 Aug 2018.